Observations



Data


Analysis




Merged SST (HadiSST 1870-1981; NCEP OI2 1981-2008)


EOFs



Fully-Coupled

1990, 20th Cent, 1850, Prediction



Experiment


Description


Initialization


Diagnostics




Atmosphere


Ice


Land


Ocean




b40.1850.track1.1deg.006


CCSM4 1850 control


Case Info.


atm diag


ice diag


lnd dig


AMOC




b.e11.B1850C5CN.f09_g16.005


Large-Ensemble 1850 control,
cesm1_1,CAM5 FV0.9, POP gx1v6


Case Info.


atm diag


ice diag


lnd dig


AMOC yrs 401-1000
AMOC yrs 401-1510

popdiagts



 


b.e11.B1850C5CN.f19_g16.008


Last Millennium 1850 control,
cesm1_1,CAM5 FV1.9, POP gx1v6


Case Info.


atm diag


ice diag


lnd dig


AMOC

popdiagts

 

 

multi-case comparisons



Experiment


Description


Initialization


Diagnostics




Atmosphere


Ice


Land


Ocean




Large Ensemble simulations


1 historical (1850-2005), 13 20thC (1920-2005), and 13 RCP8.5 simulations (2006-2080)

cesm1_1,CAM5 0.9x1.25 (f09), POP gx1v6


Large Ensemble experiments information


atm diag


ice diag


lnd dig


AMOC




Last Millennium simulations


2 controls (one 1850, one 850), 9 all forcing, 2 Greenhouse Gas, 2 Land Use Land Cover, 2 Orbital, 3 Solar Variability, 4 Volcanic simulations

cesm1_1,CAM5 1.9x2.5deg grid (f19), POP gx1v6


Case Info.


atm diag


ice diag


lnd dig


AMOC

 

 

 

 

amoc experiments


3 1-degree control runs (b.e11.B1850C5CN.f09_g16.005, amoc_lens_008, amoc_lens_009), 1 2-deg. atm, 1-deg. ocn. control run (b.e11.B1850C5CN.f19_g16.008) and 5 parameterization experiments (amoc_lens_001, amoc_lens_002, amoc_lens_003, amoc_lens_004, amoc_lens_006)


Case Info.


atm diag


ice diag


lnd dig


AMOC


 


parameterization experiments

paper preparation html



Experiment


Description


Initialization


Diagnostics




Atmosphere


Ice


Land


Ocean




amoc_lens_001


reduced background vertical mixing from 0.17 x 10-4 to 0.10 x 10-4 m^2/s


Case Info.


atm diag


ice diag yrs 902-1001 (diff. from amoc_lens_005)


lnd dig


AMOC

popdiagts

popdiag (yrs 902-1001):

N. Atlantic

Global



 


amoc_lens_002


reduced submesoscale length scale from 5 km to 3.33 km


Case Info.


atm diag


ice diag


lnd dig


AMOC

popdiagts

popdiag (yrs 902-1001):

N. Atlantic

Global


 



amoc_lens_003


increased deep values of isopycnal and thickness diffusivities from 300 to 600 m^2/s


Case Info.


atm diag


ice diag


lnd dig


AMOC

popdiagts

popdiag (yrs 902-1001):

N. Atlantic

Global




amoc_lens_004


reduced horizontal viscosities from 600 to 300 m^2/s


Case Info.


atm diag


ice diag


lnd dig


AMOC

popdiagts

popdiag (yrs 902-1001):

N. Atlantic

Global



 


amoc_lens_005


new control


Case Info.


atm diag


ice diag yrs 902-1001


lnd dig


AMOC

popdiagts

popdiag (yrs 1002-1101):

N. Atlantic

Global


 



amoc_lens_006


reduced isopycnal and thickness diffusivities from 3000 to 2000 m^2/s


Case Info.


atm diag


ice diag


lnd dig


AMOC

popdiagts

popdiag (yrs 904-1003):

N. Atlantic

Global




amoc_lens_008


control run ensemble member (different atm. initial conditions)


Case Info.


atm diag


ice diag


lnd dig


AMOC

popdiagts

popdiag (yrs 902-1001):

N. Atlantic

Global




amoc_lens_009


control run ensemble member (different atm. initial conditions)


Case Info.


atm diag


ice diag


lnd dig


AMOC

popdiagts

popdiag (yrs 902-1001):

N. Atlantic

Global



Coupled Ocean-Ice

Hindcast experiments (version history for JRA55-do)



Experiment


Description


Initialization


Diagnostics




Atm


Ice


Lnd


Ocean




g40.000


cesm1_1_beta01, G, CORE-II (1948-2007),
(see Danabasoglu et al 2013)


Levitus/PHC


Atm


ice diag yrs 271-300


Lnd


popdiag yrs 271-300

popdiagts yrs 001-300

zonal mean pCFC year 287

 




g12b8.compo.5


cesm1_2_beta08, G, Compo (1948-2007)


Levitus/PHC


Atm


ice diag yrs 271-300


Lnd


popdiag yrs 271-300 

popdiagts yrs 001-300

zonal mean pCFC year 287




g122.compo.7


cesm1_2_beta08, G, Compo (1948-2007)


Levitus/PHC


Atm


ice diag yrs 271-300


Lnd


popdiag yrs 271-300 

popdiagts yrs 001-300




g14.20CRv2c.sp30


cesm1_4_beta06, G , 20CRv2c (1871-1900)


Levitus/PHC


Atm


ice diag yrs 121-150

ice diag yrs 271-300


Lnd


popdiag yrs 121-150

popdiag yrs 271-300

popdiagts yrs 001-150

popdiagts yrs 001-300




g14b6.20CRv2c.01


cesm1_4_beta06, G, 20CRv2c (1958-2009)


Levitus/PHC


Atm


ice diag yrs 236-260


Lnd


popdiag yrs 236-260

popdiagts yrs 001-260 




g14b6.20CRv2c.02


cesm1_4_beta06, G , 20CRv2c (1901-2009)


g14.20CRv2c.sp30  (yr 151)

sfwf_weak_restore = 0.092


Atm


ice diag yrs 236-259


Lnd


popdiag yrs 236-259

popdiagts yrs 151-259

popdiagts yrs 151-368




g14b6.20CRv2c.03


cesm1_4_beta06, G , 20CRv2c (1901-2009)


g14.20CRv2c.sp30  (yr 151)

sfwf_weak_restore = 0.0115


Atm


ice diag yrs 236-259


Lnd


popdiag yrs 236-259

popdiagts yrs 151-259

popdiagts yrs 151-368




g14b6.CORE2.01


cesm1_4_beta06, G, CORE-II (1958-2009)


Levitus/PHC


Atm


Ice


Lnd


popdiag yrs 236-260

popdiagts yrs 001-260 




g14b6.JRA55.01


cesm1_4_beta06, G, JRA55v0.2 (1958-2009)


Levitus/PHC


Atm


ice diag yrs 001-260


Lnd


popdiag yrs 236-260

popdiagts yrs 001-260 




g14b6.JRA55.02


cesm1_4_beta06, G, JRA55v0.3 (1958-2009)


Levitus/PHC


Atm


ice diag yrs 001-260


Lnd


popdiag yrs 236-260

popdiagts yrs 001-260 




g14b6.JRA55.03


cesm1_4_beta06, G, JRA55v0.4 (1958-2009)


Levitus/PHC


Atm


ice diag yrs 001-260


Lnd


popdiag yrs 236-260

popdiagts yrs 001-260 




g14b6.JRA55.04


cesm1_4_beta06, G, JRA55v0.7 (1958-2009)


Levitus/PHC


Atm


ice diag yrs 001-260


Lnd


popdiag yrs 236-260

popdiag yrs 392-416

popdiagts yrs 001-416

additional diag 




g14b6.JRA55.v11.C01


cesm1_4_beta06, G, JRA55v1.1 (1958-2009) with 4-yr salinity restoring


Levitus/PHC


Atm


Ice


Lnd


popdiagts yrs 001-260

 




g14b6.JRA55.v11.C02


cesm1_4_beta06, G, JRA55v1.1 (1958-2009) with 1-yr salinity restoring


Levitus/PHC


Atm


ice diag yrs 001-260


Lnd


popdiag yrs 288-312

popdiagts yrs 001-312

additional diag 




g20b06.CORE2.C02


cesm2_0_beta06, G, CORE-II (1958-2009) with 4-yr salinity restoring


Levitus/PHC


Atm


ice diag yrs 001-156


Lnd


popdiag yrs 137-156

popdiagts yrs 001-156





g20b06.CORE2.C03


cesm2_0_beta06, G, CORE-II (1958-2009) with 4-yr salinity restoring, no ocean current in flux computation


Levitus/PHC


Atm


ice diag yrs 001-156


Lnd


popdiag yrs 137-156

popdiagts yrs 001-156





g20b06.JRA55.v13.T01


cesm2_0_beta06, G, JRA55v1.3 (1958-2009) with 4-yr salinity restoring


Levitus/PHC


Atm


Ice


Lnd


popdiagts yrs 001-104





g20b06.JRA55.v13.T02


cesm2_0_beta06, G, JRA55v1.3 (1958-2009) with 4-yr salinity restoring, no ocean current in flux computation


Levitus/PHC


Atm


ice diag yrs 001-156


Lnd


popdiag yrs 137-156

popdiagts yrs 001-208





g20b06.JRA55.v13.T04


cesm2_0_beta06, G, JRA55v1.3 (1958-2009) with 2-yr salinity restoring, 50% enhanced ice-ocean drag, & no ocean currents in flux computation for the open ocean


Levitus/PHC


Atm


ice diag yrs 001-312


Lnd


popdiag (ts, vs obs, vs CORE2.C02)





g20b06.JRA55.v13.S07


cesm2_0_beta06, G, JRA55v1.3 (1958-2009) with 1-yr salinity restoring


Levitus/PHC


Atm


ice diag yrs 001-312


Lnd


popdiag (ts, vs obs, vs CORE2.C02)





g20b06.CORE2.C04


cesm2_0_beta06, G, CORE-II (1958-2009) with 2-yr salinity restoring, 50% enhanced ice-ocean drag, & no ocean currents in flux computation for the open ocean


Levitus/PHC


Atm


ice diag yrs 001-260


Lnd


popdiag yrs 137-156

popdiagts yrs 001-208





Semi-prognostic method experiments



Experiment


Description


Initialization


Diagnostics




Atmosphere


Ice


Land


Ocean




g12b8.103


 


branched from 0293-01-01 of g40.103


Atm


ice diag yrs 308-312


Lnd


popdiagts yrs 308-312

popdiag yrs 308-312

 




g12b8.103.1




branched from 0293-01-01 of g40.103


Atm


ice diag yrs 308-312


Lnd


popdiag yrs 308-312




g12b8.103.2




branched from 0293-01-01 of g40.103


Atm


ice diag yrs 308-312


Lnd


popdiag yrs 308-312




g12b8.103.3




branched from 0293-01-01 of g40.103


Atm


ice diag yrs 308-312


Lnd


popdiag yrs 308-312




g12b8.103.4




branched from 0293-01-01 of g40.103


Atm


ice diag yrs 308-312


Lnd


popdiag yrs 308-312




g12b8.103.5




branched from 0293-01-01 of g40.103


Atm


ice diag yrs 308-312


Lnd


popdiag yrs 308-312




g12b8.103.6




branched from 0293-01-01 of g40.103


Atm


ice diag yrs 307-311


Lnd


popdiag yrs 308-311



 

 

 

 

AMV Experiments

AMV ensemble experiments (SST anomalies are imposed over the entire North Atlantic)



Experiment


Description


Initialization


Diagnostics




Atmosphere


Ice


Land


Ocean




REF


Large-Ensemble 1850 control,
cesm1_1_2,CAM5 FV0.9, POP gx1v6


LENS 1850 control


Atm


Ice


Lnd


Oce




AMV+


Large-Ensemble 1850 control,
cesm1_1_2,CAM5 FV0.9, POP gx1v6


LENS 1850 control


Atm


Ice


Lnd


Oce




AMV-


Large-Ensemble 1850 control,
cesm1_1_2,CAM5 FV0.9, POP gx1v6


LENS 1850 control


Atm


Ice


Lnd


Oce



 

 

AMV ensemble experiments (SST anomalies are imposed over the northern North Atlantic only)



Experiment


Description


Initialization


Diagnostics




Atmosphere


Ice


Land


Ocean




REF


Large-Ensemble 1850 control,
cesm1_1_2,CAM5 FV0.9, POP gx1v6


LENS 1850 control


Atm


Ice


Lnd


Oce




AMV+


Large-Ensemble 1850 control,
cesm1_1_2,CAM5 FV0.9, POP gx1v6


LENS 1850 control


Atm


Ice


Lnd


Oce




3xAMV+


Large-Ensemble 1850 control,
cesm1_1_2,CAM5 FV0.9, POP gx1v6


LENS 1850 control


Atm


Ice


Lnd


Oce



 

 

 

AMV ensemble experiments (SST anomalies are imposed over the tropical North Atlantic only)



Experiment


Description


Initialization


Diagnostics




Atmosphere


Ice


Land


Ocean




REF


Large-Ensemble 1850 control,
cesm1_1_2,CAM5 FV0.9, POP gx1v6


LENS 1850 control


Atm


Ice


Lnd


Oce




AMV+


Large-Ensemble 1850 control,
cesm1_1_2,CAM5 FV0.9, POP gx1v6


LENS 1850 control


Atm


Ice


Lnd


Oce



 

 

 

 

Flow Field Correction Experiments

implements the semi-prognostic method for adjusting the hydrostatic equation to correct for systematic error

(see Greatbatch et al., 2004)

 



Experiment


Description


Initialization


Diagnostics




Atmosphere


Ice


Land


Ocean




g12b8.103


cesm1_2_beta08, G case.

CTR simulation


branched from 0293-01-01 of g40.103


Atm


Ice


Lnd


Oce




g12b8.103.3


cesm1_2_beta08, G case.

identical to g12b8.103 but implements semi-prognostic correction

(alpha = 0.5, applied full depth in NATL (>15N))


branched from 0293-01-01 of g40.103


Atm


Ice


Lnd


Oce




g12b8.103.5


cesm1_2_beta08, G case.

identical to g12b8.103 but implements semi-prognostic correction

(alpha = 0.8, applied in NATL (>15N), only above 830m and excluding points within 2 grid points of land)


branched from 0293-01-01 of g40.103


Atm


Ice


Lnd


Oce



 

 

NATL_FFC_alpha-1.0

 


cesm1_2_beta08, G case.

identical to g12b8.103 but implements semi-prognostic correction

(alpha = 1.0, applied in NATL (between 15N and 65N), only above 830m and excluding points within 1 grid points of land)


branched from 0293-01-01 of g40.103


Atm


Ice


Lnd


Oce




NATL_FFC_alpha-1.0.2

 


cesm1_2_beta08, G case.

identical to g12b8.103 but implements semi-prognostic correction

(alpha = 1.0, applied in NATL (between 15N and 65N), only above 830m)


branched from 0293-01-01 of g40.103


Atm


Ice


Lnd


Oce




NATL_FFC_alpha-1.0.3

 


cesm1_2_beta08, G case.

identical to g12b8.103 but implements semi-prognostic correction

(alpha = 1.0, applied in NATL (between 15N and 65N), only above 830m and excluding points within 2 grid points of land)


branched from 0293-01-01 of g40.103


Atm


Ice


Lnd


Oce




NATL_FFC_alpha-0.8

  


cesm1_2_beta08, G case.

identical to g12b8.103 but implements semi-prognostic correction

(alpha = 0.8, applied in NATL (between 15N and 65N), over full-depth and excluding points within 2 grid points of land)


branched from 0293-01-01 of g40.103


Atm


Ice


Lnd


Oce




NATL_FFC_NI_alpha-1.0

  


cesm1_2_beta08, G case.

identical to g12b8.103 but implements non-interactive semi-prognostic correction

Correction term was diagnose from experiment NATL_FFC_alpha-1.0.3

(alpha = 1.0, applied in NATL (between 15N and 65N), only above 830m and excluding points within 2 grid points of land)


branched from 0293-01-01 of g40.103


Atm


Ice


Lnd


Oce




NATL_FFC+tropic_REF  


cesm1_2_beta08, G case.

startup simulation


startup simulation


Atm


Ice


Lnd


Oce




NATL_FFC+tropic_10  


cesm1_2_beta08, G case.

startup simulation with SSH correction

(5-day timescale)


startup simulation


Atm


Ice


Lnd


Oce




NATL_FFC+tropic_11  


cesm1_2_beta08, G case.

startup simulation with SSH correction and semi-prognostic correction

(5-day timescale and alpha = 1.0, applied in NATL (between 15N and 65N), only above 830m and excluding points within 2 grid points of land)


startup simulation


Atm


Ice


Lnd


Oce




NATL_FFC+tropic_12  


cesm1_2_beta08, G case.

startup simulation with semi-prognostic correction

(alpha = 1.0, applied in NATL (between 15N and 65N), only above 830m and excluding points within 2 grid points of land)


startup simulation


Atm


Ice


Lnd


Oce




NATL_FFC+tropic_13  


cesm1_2_beta08, G case.

startup simulation with SSH correction and semi-prognostic correction

(1-day timescale and alpha = 1.0, applied in NATL (between 15N and 65N), only above 830m and excluding points within 2 grid points of land)


startup simulation


Atm


Ice


Lnd


Oce




NATL_FFC+tropic_14  


cesm1_2_beta08, G case.

startup simulation with SSH (filtered) correction and semi-prognostic correction

(5-day timescale and alpha = 1.0, applied in NATL (between 15N and 65N), only above 830m and excluding points within 2 grid points of land)


startup simulation


Atm


Ice


Lnd


Oce




NATL_FFC+tropic_15  


cesm1_2_beta08, G case.

startup simulation with SSH (filtered) correction and semi-prognostic correction

(5-day timescale excluding points within 2 grid points of land and alpha = 1.0, applied in NATL (between 15N and 65N), only above 830m and excluding points within 2 grid points of land)


startup simulation


Atm


Ice


Lnd


Oce




NATL_FFC+tropic_16  


cesm1_2_beta08, G case.

startup simulation with SSH (filtered) correction and semi-prognostic correction

(5-day timescale excluding points within 2 grid points of land and alpha = 1.0, applied in NATL (between 15N and 65N), only above 830m and excluding points within 2 grid points of land)


startup simulation


Atm


Ice


Lnd


Oce




NATL_FFC+tropic_REF  


cesm1_2_beta08, G case.

REF startup simulation.


startup simulation


Atm


Ice


Lnd


Oce




NATL_FFC+tropic_17  


cesm1_2_beta08, G case.

startup simulation with SSH (filtered) correction and semi-prognostic correction

(5-day timescale excluding points within 2 grid points of land and the GOM and alpha = 1.0, applied in NATL (between 15N and 65N), only above 830m and excluding points within 2 grid points of land)


startup simulation


Atm


Ice


Lnd


Oce




NATL_FFC_NI_4  


cesm1_2_beta08, G case.

startup simulation with non-interactive semi-prognostic correction to hydrostatic eqn (dp/dz) and SSH (filtered) correction

Correction term was diagnose from experiment NATL_FFC+tropic_17

(5-day timescale (excluding points within 2 grid points of land and GOM) and alpha = 1, applied in N. Atlantic (between 15N and 65N), only above 830m and excluding
points within 2 grid points of land)

 


branched from 0293-01-01 of g40.103


Atm


Ice


Lnd


Oce




g12b8.103


cesm1_2_beta08, G case.

CTR simulation


branched from 0293-01-01 of g40.103


Atm


Ice


Lnd


Oce




b.e11.B1850C5CN.f09_g16.005  


cesm1_1_2_LENS, G case.

 


LENS PI control


Atm


Ice


Lnd


Oce


 

 


B1850C5CN_NATL_FFC_2

 


cesm1_1_2_LENS, B case.

identical to b.e11.B1850C5CN.f09_g16.005 but implements semi-prognostic correction (alpha = 1.0, applied in NATL (between 15N and 65N), only above 830m and excluding points within 2 grid points of land and the GOM).


branched from 0402-01-01 of b.e11.B1850C5CN.f09_g16.005


Atm


Ice


Lnd


Oce




B1850C5CN_NATL_FFC_3

 


cesm1_1_2_LENS, B case.

identical to b.e11.B1850C5CN.f09_g16.005 but implements semi-prognostic correction (alpha = 1.0, applied in NATL (between 15N and 65N), only above 830m and excluding points within 2 grid points of land and the GOM).

Sea ice change: dt_mlt_in = 1.5 (1.00), r_snw = 1.5 (1.75), rsnw_melt_in = 1500 (1000).



branched from 0402-01-01 of b.e11.B1850C5CN.f09_g16.005


Atm


Ice


Lnd


Oce




B1850C5CN_NATL_FFC_4

 


cesm1_1_2_LENS, B case.

identical to b.e11.B1850C5CN.f09_g16.005 but implements SSH (filtered) correction and semi-prognostic correction

(5-day timescale excluding points within 2 grid points of land and the GOM and alpha = 1.0, applied in NATL (between 15N and 65N), only above 830m and excluding points within 2 grid points of land)

Sea ice change: dt_mlt_in = 1.5 (1.00), r_snw = 1.5 (1.75), rsnw_melt_in = 1500 (1000).


branched from 0402-01-01 of b.e11.B1850C5CN.f09_g16.005


Atm


Ice


Lnd


Oce




B1850C5CN_NATL_FFC_5

 


cesm1_1_2_LENS, B case.

identical to b.e11.B1850C5CN.f09_g16.005 but with non-interactive semi-prognostic correction to hydrostatic eqn (dp/dz) correction

Correction term was diagnose from experiment B1850C5CN_NATL_FFC_3

(5-day timescale excluding points within 2 grid points of land and the GOM and alpha = 1.0, applied in NATL (between 15N and 65N), only above 830m and excluding points within 2 grid points of land)

Sea ice change: dt_mlt_in = 1.5 (1.00), r_snw = 1.5 (1.75), rsnw_melt_in = 1500 (1000).


branched from 0442-01-01 of B1850C5CN_NATL_FFC_3


Atm


Ice


Lnd


Oce




B1850C5CN_NATL_FFC_6

 


cesm1_1_2_LENS, B case.

identical to b.e11.B1850C5CN.f09_g16.005 but with non-interactive semi-prognostic correction to hydrostatic eqn (dp/dz) correction

Correction term was diagnose from experiment B1850C5CN_NATL_FFC_3

(5-day timescale excluding points within 2 grid points of land and the GOM and alpha = 1.0, applied in NATL (between 15N and 65N), only above 830m and excluding points within 2 grid points of land)

Sea ice change: dt_mlt_in = 1.5 (1.00), r_snw = 1.0 (1.75), rsnw_melt_in = 2000 (1000), r_ice = -0.5 (0.0).


branched from 0482-01-01 of B1850C5CN_NATL_FFC_5


Atm


Ice


Lnd


Oce